DANTE ALIGHIERI

Mahmuaka Chhakchhuak

June 6, 2023

 

Kum 1611-a mithiam chungchuang 54 laiin King James Version (KJV) an buatsaihah khan Wycliffe hunlai tawng chu 4% awm a sawi a ni a, 9.18% pawh Tyndale atangin, 13% chu Coverdale atangin, 19% chu Geneva Bible atangin 4% chu Bishop’s Bible atangin leh 3% chu lehlin dang atanga lak a ni. Tin, tawng thar hlak 39% chu KJV tawng bik hman a ni bawka sawi a ni. Thuthlung Thar bika hawrawp 9 – 10% dawn lai chu Tyndale Version (1525) atanga lakchhuah a ni bawk. Hmun 4000 chuang lai mai chu inhnial theih tak mai a chhunga ziah si loh, phek sir awl ah tarlan a ni a, Thuthlung Tharah hian Hebrai hawrawp mal hrilhfiahna 765 a awm bawk a, hei hi a danglam bik tih hriattirna emaw chhiartuin lehlinnaa a eng zawk emaw a pahniha an thlan theihna atana tihlanna a ni. 

Chuti chung chuan Kristian pawh ni lo Thomas Huxley-a chuan hetiang hian he KJV lehlin chungchangah hian lawmthu a sawi bawk a “He Kum Zabi 3-naa Lehkhabu kan neih thar hian mihring nunah chanchin ropui tak a rawn thlen a ni tih a ngaihtuah theih a, English chanchinah pawh a ropui ber a ni. Tin, Britain hnam tih ropuina a nei bawkin John-O-Groat’s House atanga Land’s End thlengin Italy rama Dante leh Tasso angin a tlangnel a, Sap tawng dik tak leh mawi takin a ziak a, thu leh hla mawi takin a chhep bawk a ni” tiin a tlang a kawm a. He thu hi kum 1614 vela ziak a ni a, hetah hian Dante leh Tasso hi eng vanga rawn sawi lang nge a nih a, tunge Dante leh Tasso chu tih hi hriat chakawm tak a ni.

Dante (Dante Alighieri) leh Tasso (Torquato Tasso) hi Renaissance (Thiamna leh finna kawnga mihring hnam harh chhuah leh hun) hunlaia Italian hla phuah thiam lar tak an ni ve ve a. Dante hi epic poem “The Divine Comedy” avanga hriat hlawh a niin Khawvel literature-a thil duang chhuaktu ropui ber pawla ngaih a ni. Hun tha lo tak a lo thlen avanga hna pawimawh tak, roreltu a nihna atanga ban leh a awmna khua atanga hnawh chhuah a ni a. Riltam leh tuihalin a pianna ram ngeiah chuan chaw khawnin a vakvai a, ‘Ka kawng chu ava hrehawm em!’ – Come e duro calle’ a ti thin. Chutia a vahvaih leh hrehawm tuarna atang chuan he khawvel piaha hlimna a chan tur chu a lo hmuh chian phah ta a, Italian literature-a an ro hlu ber tling hial tur Devine Comedy tih hi kum 1308- 1321 inkarah khan alo ziak ta a ni. He Lehkhabu, phek 447 laia chhahah hian Dante chuan Hremhmun, Purgatory leh Paradise a tlawh dan chanchinte a sawi a, Sual, Tlanna leh Pathian nihna chungchang thupui hrang hrangin a chhui bawk.

Tasso pawh hi a epic Poem “Jerusalem Delivered” avangin hriat hlawh a ni a, he Poem-ah hian Kristiante’n Jerusalem an lak dan chanchin ngaihnawm takin a tarlang. Hmangaihna, Sakawr chungchuang chanchin mai bakah Kristianna leh Islam inkar buainate chu thupui hrang hrangah a fiah taka a ziah avangin hriat a hlawh phah hle. He hla phuahtu pahnihte (Dante leh Tasso) hian Italian Literature leh Culture-ah rahchhuah lian tak an nei a, an hla phuahte hi vawiin thlengin zirchian ala dawlin ngainat ala ni chhunzawm reng bawk.

Dante hla tam zawk chu Latin tawnga ziah a nih lai khan Literature-ah vernacular hmanna dintu a nih avangin hriat hlawh a ni a, chu chu lehkha chhiar thiamte tan chauh a ni nghe nghe. A lehkhabu De vulgari eloquentia (On Eloquence in the Vernacular) hi mithiamte’n vernacular an humhim hmasa ber zinga mi a ni. The New Life (1295) leh Divine Comedy ang chi ziahna atana Florentine tawng a hman avang hian tunlai Italian tawng changkang tak dinna kawngah nasa takin a pui a. Latin tawng ni lovin Italian vernacular-a a hla phuah avangte hian Dante kutchhuakte hian Literature hmasawnnaah kawngro a sut phah hle a, kum zabi eng emaw zat chhung chu Europe chhim lamah Italian tawng chu literary language-ah a siam phah ta a ni. A hnathawh hi a hnua Italian ziaktu pawimawh tak tak Petrarch leh Boccaccio te pawhin an zui zelin hmahruaitu alo ni ta a ni.  

Dante hi Italy rama Literature dinna kawngah a thawhhlawk hle a, an ram hnam hla phuah thiam leh khawthlang lam khawvel Literature lama mi ropui berte zinga an ngaih a ni. Hremhmun, Purgatory leh Vanram a tarlanna hian khawthlang lam Art leh Literature-ah ngaihdan lian zawk an neih theihna turin kawng a kawhhmuh a. English ziaktu Geoffrey Chaucer, John Milton, leh Alfred Tennyson-te bakah midang tam takte pawh a thu leh hla hian a nghawng nasa hle. Chu bâkah, line thum rhyme scheme inzawmkhawm leh terza rima hmang hmasak ber chu amah hi a ni bawk a. Hetianga a thawhhlawk avang hian Italian tawnga "Pa" tia sawi a ni a, Italy ramah chuan il Sommo Poeta - "the Supreme Poet" tia sawi a ni bawk a. Dante, Petrarch leh Boccaccio te hi Italian literature-ah chuan Tre Corone - "Lallukhum pathum" an ti hial a ni. 

Dante hi tuna Italy ram, Republic of Florence-a Florence khuaah a piang a. A pian ni dik tak chu hriat chian a ni chiah lo nain kum 1265 vel nia ngaih a ni. Hei pawh hi a kutchhuak Divine Comedy-a Autobiographic allusions atangin mithiamte’n an ngaihtuah chhuah a ni. He lehkhabua section hmasa ber, Inferno chu, "Nel mezzo del cammin di nostra vita" - "Kan nun zinkawng lai takah" tih a ni a, hei hian Dante-a chu kum 35 vel a ni tih a tilang a. Tin, a suangtuahnaa Netherworld-a a zinna chu kum 1300-a thleng a nih avangin kum 1265 vela piang a nih hi a ti rinawm ber bawk. Divine Comedy-a Paradiso section-a chang ṭhenkhatah chuan Gemini chhinchhiahna hnuaia piang a nih thu hriat theihna a pe bawk: "Chatuan fapa malte nên chuan, tlâng aṭanga lui chhuahna thlengin, min ti râp em emtu buh vuakna hmun chu a inpuang tih ka hmu a ni" (XXII 151–154) tih a awm a. Kum 1265-ah khan Ni chu Gemini-ah May ni 11 leh June ni 11 vel (Julian Calendar) inkarah a awm a ni.

Dante chuan a chhungte hi hmân lai Rom mite aṭanga lo piang an nih thu a sawi a (Inferno XV, 76), nimahsela an thlah tute chianchin hi chiang takin a sawi lo nain a sawi hnaih ber chu a pu, mi ropui leh chhuanawm tak Intalian crusader, Cacciaguida degli Elisei (Paradiso XV, 135) a ni a, kum 1098-a piang a ni. Dante-a pa Alighiero di Bellincione hi White Guelph, kum zabi 13-na laihawl vela Ghibellines-hoin Montaperti indonaah hnehna an chan hnuah vanduaina engmah tawk loa him kha a ni. Hei hian Alighiero emaw a chhungte emaw chuan humhimna mai bakah duhsakna leh dinhmun tha engemaw zat an nei thei tih a tilang a, mahse mi ṭhenkhatte chuan politics lama inhmang lo Alighiero chu a pumrua lian loin a pa te em em a, ram danga chhuak tlâk anga ngaih a ni lo niin an sawi thung.

Dante-te chhungkua chu Guelphs-a te chungah rinawm takin an awm a, Guelphs chu Papacy (Pope rorelna) thlawptu political alliance a ni. Tin, Holy Roman Emperor-in a thlawp Ghibellines-ho dodalna nasa takah an inrawlh a. Dante nu chu Bella niin Abati chhungkaw zinga mi nia hriat a ni bawk a, Dante chu kum sawm a la tlin hmain a nu hi a boral lehnghal a. A pa Alighiero chu reilote hnuah Lapa di Chiarissimo Cialuffi nen an innei leh a. Francesco leh a farnu Tana (Gaetana) te chu a nei leh a, chungte chu an chhungkaw chanchin kan han hriat theihte a ni.

Tin, Dante chuan kum 9 mi a nih laiin Folco Portinari fanu Beatrice Portinari, kum riat mi chu a hmuh hmasa ber hian a hmangaih tih sawiin amahah chuan a luanliam nghal thu a sawi a. Mahse, kum 12 a nih chuan Donati chhungkaw zinga mi Manetto Donati fanu Gemma di Manetto Donati nen innei turin a chhungte chuan an nawr lui ta zawk a. Chutiang kum naupangte tâna inneihna contract siam chu thil awmze nei tak a ni a, inkhâwmpui mumal tak a awm a, chutah chuan notary hmaa contract ziah pawh a tel a ni. Dante chuan kum 18 a tlin hnuah a ngaihzawng hlui Beatrice chu a hmu leh niin a sawi a, Florence khawpui kawngpuiah chuan eng emaw changin an inhmuh leh zauh thin thu a sawi.  Beatrice pual hian sonnet eng emaw zat a ziak a, mahse Manetto Donati erawh hi chu a sawi ngai lo thung. Donati nena an inzawmna dang, a bik takin Forese Donati leh Piccarda Donati-te chu a Divine Comedy-ah hian a sawi bawk (Paradiso 2-5). A inneihna hun dik tak hriat a la ni lo nain kum 1301-a ram danga a chhuah hma khan fa pathum; Pietro, Jacopo leh Antonia a nei tawh tih erawh hriat a ni.

Dante hian Campaldino Indona (June 11, 1289)-ah Guelph sakawr chung chuang sipaite nen an indo a. He Indonaah hian hnehna changin Florence ram danpui siamthatna thlen a ni. Mipui zinga tlangnel taka tel ve tur chuan khawpui chhunga sumdawnna emaw, kut hnathawktu pawl tam tak zinga pakhatah a inziah luh a ngai a, chuvang chuan Dante chu Physicians and Apothecaries an tih intanpui tawn tura pawl dinah a lut ta a ni. A hnu kum reiloteah chuan a hming chu Republic council hrang hrangah thusawinaah emaw, vote thlaknah emaw ziah a ni fo bawk a. Kum 1298–1300 chhunga hetiang inkhawmpui neihnaa minute tam tak chu a bo a, Dante chu an ringhlel viau nain Council-ah chuan Dante telna dik tak erawh chu an hre chiang chuang loin an hnawtchhuak ta tho a ni. Kum 1318 khan lal fapa Guido II da Polenta (Guido Novello tia hriat lar) chuan a khawpui Ravenna-a cheng turin alo sawm tawh bawk a, hetah hian Dante chuan a ni hnuhnung lam chu a hmang a ni. He khuaah hian thlamuang takin a cheng a, nimahsela September 14, 1321 chuan kum 56 vel niin Republic of Venice-a Diplomatic mission atanga a lo haw laiin Malaria a vei avangin a boral ta a ni. A fate pathum mai bakah a nupui Gemma di Manetto Donati leh a ṭhiante pawh he hri vang hian an thi tel bawk. Ravenna-a San Pier Maggiore Kohhran (a hnua Basilica di San Francesco an tih tak)-ah phum a ni a. Venice khawpui Bawrhsap (Praetor) Bernardo Bembo chuan kum 1483 khan Dante thlan hi nalh takin a siam bawk a ni. 

Florence sorkar chuan a hnu rei feah Dante-a an hnawhchhuah chu a inchhir ta hle a, a ruang chu pe let leh turin an ngen hial a ni. Nimahsela Ravenna-a ruang enkawltute chuan an remti lo va, rukbo an hlauh avangin hun rei tak chhung chu Puithiamho awmkhawmna kulh chhung pilril takah a ruhte chu an thukruk phah hial a ni. Florence sorkar chuan kum 1829 khan Dante tan Basilla of Santa Croce-ah thlan ropui takin a sa a, nimahsela thlan ruak mai niin Dante ruhro chu Ravenna-ah a la awm reng thung. A thlan hmaah chuan Onorate l'altissimo poeta tih a inziak a, chu chu "Honor the most exalted poet" tia lehlin a ni a, he thu hi Dante kutchhuak Inferno canto palina atanga lak chhuah nghe nghe. 

Kum 1945 khan Fascist (Italy rama Socialism leh Communism ep tura politics pawl lo chawr chhuak) sorkar chuan Dante ruang chu Valtellina Redoubt-a hruai luh dan tur chungchang an sawiho a, chu hmun chu Alpine ruam a ni nghe nghe. Chutah chuan an sorkar chuan tangrual ho laka Dante chawimawina ropui tak siam a tum a. Fascism sorkar tawp dawn hnaih lamah chuan "Italian nihna chhinchhiahna ropui ber" chu a awm tur a ni an ti a ni.

Dante hian Lehkhabu hi engzat chiah nge a ziah hriat mai theih ni lo mahsela hengte hi a kutchhuak kan han hriat theihte a ni;

The Divine Comedy: Inferno

The Divine Comedy: Purgatorio

The Divine Comedy: Paradiso

The Portable Dante

De vulgari eloquentia (On Eloquence in the Vernacular)

Vita nuova

The Dore Illustrations for Dante’s

The Banquet (II Convito)

The De Monarchia

The New Life