IMPACT OF BRITISH COLONIALISM

Mahmuaka Chhakchhuak

Jan. 27, 2025

Kan thupui khi Sap ṭawngin kan han dah a, a awmzia chu Kumpinu sorkarin min awp avanga kan rama politics lama nghawng a neih dan tiin sawi ila a dik thei mai awm e. Kumpinu sorkar chak leh thiltithei tak chuan kum zabi sawm pariatna chhoa Industrial Revolution lo thleng avang chuan thil siam chhuah lamah harhna nasa taka lo thlengin anmahni kutkawih ngeite chu ram danga hralhna turin kawng an sial ṭan a. He harhna hi Britain ram aṭanga lo chhuak niin khawvel hmun hrang hrangah a darh zel a, a bik takin Asia, Africa, Middle East leh North & South America ramah te chuan kua an hreuh hmasain kum 1750 vel aṭangin India ramah pawh rawn lut ṭanin kum 1858-ah chuan Kumpinu sorkar chuan India ram chu an awp chho ṭan der ta mai a. 

Chutianga ram hran hrana kua an hreuh chhoh zel takah chuan an ram awp (Colony) chin pawh alo zau zelin an vanglai takah phei chuan ram hrang hrang 64 lai an awp hman hial. Nimahsela anni ang bawk chuan French, Portuguese leh German te pawh chuan an chhehvel ram dangte chu hnehchhuh an tum ve ta a. Chutianga ram hran beih an chin tak zelah chuan Indopui hial a lo chhuakin kum 1914 – 17 chuan Indopui pakhatna a lo chhuah phah ta hial a. Kha Indopui Pakhatna lo thleng kha thil tam tak vanga lo thleng a niin, chung zingah chuan militarism, alliances, imperialism leh nationalism-te pawh a tel bawk tak nain kum 1914 June 28-a Archduke Franz Ferdinand thah a ni kha Indopui pakhatna lo chhuah chhan bul ber nia sawi a ni ṭhin. Chu indonaah chuan Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire (Central Power) ṭanghote leh France, United Kingdom, Russia leh United States (Allies) te chu he indonaa inep berte an ni.

Indopui Pakhatna a tawp a, ram a han ralmuang leh deuh hlek nain kum 1939 September 1 aṭangin Indopui Pahnihna chu thleng lehin, hei pawh hi Germany Chancellor Adolf Hitler-a’n Poland a run vang a ni thei ber awm e. Sept. 3, 1939-ah United Kingdom leh France chuan Germany do turin thuthlung an siam a, chutih laiin Germany lahin ram alo zauh zel a; Kum 1940-41 chhungin Denmark, Norway, Belgium leh Netherlands te chu a lo hneh hman a. Japan lam lah chuan Dec. 7, 1941-ah Hawaii lama US hmun pawimawh tak mai Pearl Harbor chu ralthuam nen alo bei thut mai bawk a. Hemi hma lawk, Aug. 14, 1941-ah US President Franklin D. Roosevelt leh British Prime Minister Winston Churchill-te chuan Atlantic Tuipui chung ngeiah Thuthlung pawimawh tak siamin chu thuthlung chu Atlantic Charter tih a ni.

Atlantic Charter-a thil pawimawh tak takte chu; 

(1) No Territorial Aggrandizement; Territorial ram luah chin tihzauh loh 

(2) Remtih tlanna tel loa ramri tihdanglam lo; A tuartu mipuite remtihna tello chuan ramri tihdanglam loh 

(3) Mahni Inrelbawlna; Ṭangrual lamin an ram lakte leh an hneh tawhte hnena inrelbawlna pek let leh 

(4) Economic Co-operation: Sumdawnna lama harsatna awmte tihtlem leh economic lama thawhhona tihhmasawn 

(5) Social Security; Hnathawktute dinhmun tihchangtlun, sum leh pai lama hmasawnna leh khawtlang himna tihchangtlun 

(6) Disarmament; Hnam beitute ralthuam tihbo leh ralthuam tihtlem 

(7) Hlauhna leh duh lohna laka zalenna: Indo hlauhna laka zalenna leh tlakchhamna laka zalenna (economic needs) 

(8) Tuipuia Zalenna; Tuipui zaua lawng hmanga sumdawnna leh zin vei vakte tana zalenna.

He Indopui Pahnihna lo thleng vang hian khawvel ram hrang hranga Kumpinu sorkar chak takin ram a lo luah tawhte chu ṭhiat darhin Sept. 2, 1945-a Indona alo tawp meuhah chuan khawvela hnam hrang hrangte chuan mahnia inrelbawlna hran an lo nei ta sup sup a; India chuan Aug. 15, 1947-ah Kumpinu awpna hnuai ata zalenna a nei a, Pakistan ram pawhin Aug. 14, 1947-ah India aṭangin a indang bawk a, Philippines ram pawhin July 4, 1946-ah United States aṭangin zalenna alo nei a, Indonesia ram pawh Aug. 17, 1945-ah Netherlands aṭangin zalenna a nei a, Vietnam pawhin Sept. 2, 1945-ah France ram aṭangin zalenna a nei leh a, Laos ram pawh chuan Oct. 22, 1949-ah France aṭangin zalenna an neiin Cambodia ram pawhin Nov. 9, 1953-ah France ram aṭangin zalenna an nei bawk a.

Anni ram bakah hian Libya ram pawhin Dec. 24, 1951-ah Italy ram aṭangin zalenna an nei a, Egypt ram phei chuan Kumpinu awpna hnuai atan Feb. 28, 1922-ah zalenna an nei a, anni hi Kumpinu lak atan zalenna nei hmasa pawl an ni. Israel pawhin May 14, 1948-ah hnam bil anga dingin ke an pen ṭan a, Lebanon ram pawh chuan Nov 22, 1943-ah France ram aṭangin zalenna an nei a, Syria ram pawh chuan April 17, 1946-ah France ram aṭang bawkin zalenna an nei a, Jordan ram pawhin May 25, 1946-ah Kumpinu awpna hnuai ata zalenna an nei bawk. Burma (Myanmar) ram pawh chuan Jan. 4, 1948-ah Kumpinu awpna hnuai ata zalenna an nei a, Ceylon (Sri Lanka) pawhin Feb. 4, 1948-ah Kumpinu awpna hnuai ata bawk zalenna an neiin Malaysia (Aug. 31, 1957), Singapore (June 3, 1959) leh Brunei (Jan. 1, 1984) pawh chuan Kumpinu awpna hnuai ata zalenna an nei bawk a.

Sudan ram pawh chuan Jan. 1, 1956-ah Kumpinu leh Egypt awp ṭawmna ata zalenna an nei a, Morocco ram pawhin March 2, 1956-ah France awpna hnuai ata zalenna an nei a, Tunisia ram pawhin March 20, 1956-ah France awpna hnuai ata zalenna an neiin Ghana (March 6, 1957) leh Nigeria (Oct. 1, 1960) te pawh chuan Kumpinu awpna hnuai ata zalenna an lo nei bawk. Cyprus (Aug. 16, 1960), Fiji (Oct. 10, 1970), Tonga (June 4, 1970), Jamaica (Aug. 6, 1962) leh Barbados (Nov.  30, 1966) te pawh chuan Kumpinu awpna hnuai ata zalenna an nei a. Anni bakah hian Poland, Czechoslovakia leh Yugoslavia ramte chuan Indopui Pahnihna zawh hnu lawk kum 1945-ah chuan zalenna dinthar nawn lehin anmahni pualin an lo indang thar bawk. 

Chutianga ram tam tak an awpnaah chuan an awpte hnam zia rang (culture) leh ei leh barna kawngah ngei pawh chuan anmahni zia chuan an luahlan tir zel a. Chutiang zelin khawtlang leh ram inrelbawlna (politics) ah ngei pawh anmahni zia ang zelin min kalpui bawk a ni. Kan hriat ṭheuh angin keini, Mizote ngei pawh Missionary kaltlangin Thlarau lamah hneh takin min awp a, kan lalte kaltlangin tisa lama inrelbawlnaah hneh taka min awp lehin anmahni chuan an dan leh dun siam hmangin min kaihruai bawk. Chutiang taka hneh taka kum 57 chhung lai min awpna avang chuan an zia leh kalphung chu dik leh ṭha ti chiah lo mah ila kan chhawm chho ta zel a, vawiin thlengin kawng hrang hrangah kan la chhawm ta zel a ni. Chutianga vawiin thlenga kan la chhawmte chu sawikim sen ni chiah lo mahsela a langsar zual tlem hetiang hian han sawi ila.

VIP Culture:

Kumpinu sorkar fing tak leh chak tak chuan kan Mizo lalte hmang ngei chuan hneh takin min awp a, an inti lal thiam em em ṭhin. Dan leh dun hmangte chuan khawng takin rorelna an nei a, hmangaihna leh khawngaihna tela rorelna an nei meuh lo a tih theih hial ang. Vun rawng a inang lo ang bawkin pumrua pawh a lo inang lo a, chuvang chuan kan inkar a zau phah lehzual a, min enkawl dan alo khawng bawk avang chuan kan hlau viau ṭhin. 

Mizo mipuite chu engmah hre lo leh engmah thiam lo angin min ngai emaw tih mai turin engkimah thil thar min zirtir a, kan dinhmun alo hniam bawk avang chuan kawng tam takah hmasawnna kawng min zawh tir kan ti thei bawk ang. Chutianga kum sawmnga chuang min enkawl avang chuan kan kar a zau lo thei lo a, thuneihna neitu an ni a, dan khauh tak hmanga min enkawl bawk avang chuan an lakah pawh kan inngai te bawkin kan zah em em a, anni pawh chuan kan lakah chuan an inla sang em em ṭhin bawk a. 

Chutiang zia chu kum sawm nga leh pasarih chhung lai min awptute chuan min hnutchhiahin min chhuahsan hnuah pawh kan hruaitu hmasate chuan an ze \ha lo tak chu chhawm zel tur emaw tiin Mizo ze pangngai chu hlohin vawiin thlengin an la chhawm ta zel a. Mizo leh Mizo karah pawh Sap ṭawng taka ‘Sir’ tih duh zawk tlat kan awm a, mahniin hma hruai si loa midang tih tur kawhhmuh zut zut ching pawh kan tam ta. Tlawmngaihna ngei pawh a hming mai a niin tute tan emaw chauha nunpui tur anga kan ngaih a ni ta hial emaw tih mai tur a ni a, a pawi hle. 

Divide & Rule Policy:

English ho khan an colony chhunga hnamte awpbeh leh thunun a, tangrual thei miah lova an awm theih nan he divide and rule policy hi an hmang ṭangkai hle. Hnam tenau peng hming leh sakhaw behchhana ram bung ṭhenhran te kha an tihdan phung a ni a. Chung an ṭhen hran hote chu a khat tawka an intihbuai reng theih nan thu an veivir fo bawk ṭhin. An tum ang chiahin Colony chhunga hnam peng hrang hrangte chu inngeih lovin an indo a, hmasawnna kawnga tangho thei miah lovin an awm ta ṭhin a ni. 

Mizoram an awp chhungah ngei pawh khan he policy hi hmangin Mizo Lalte chu hmanraw ṭangkai takah an hmang a, an thuhnuaia awm ve duh lo kan lalte chu an manin an hrem bawk ṭhin. Sentlang lal Kalkhama chu Tezpur jail-ah tantirin Hazaribargh jail-ah an sawn leh a, kumpinu kuta thih ai chuan tiin a inawkhlum ta zawk a. Lungtian lal Lianphunga pawh Hazaribargh jail-a a tan lai hian a inawkhlum bawk. Nikula Jahau pawh chu Rangoon jail-a tantir a nih hnuin Calcutta jail-ah sawn a ni a, a damchhungin a tang thung. Ropuiliani ngei pawh Chittagong jail-ah a damchhungin a tang a, Thangliana Jahau, Vanhulha Jahau, leh Lalthawma te pawh damchhunga tan tir an ni. 

Chutianga kan chunga dik lo taka rorelna an neih ang chu min chhuahsan hnuah ngei pawh la hnutchhiah zelin keimahni, Mizote ngei pawh chuan kawng hrang hrangah thawhho kan harsat phah a, vawiin thlengin kohhranah a ni emaw politics thilah ngei pawh inpumkhat kan harsat phah a ni. Mizorama Political party hmasa ber Mizo Union ngei pawh kha han thlir ila, Bawrhsap hnena party din phalna diltu ber R. Vanlawma ngei pawh chuan hmun laili a chang thei reng reng lo a, a hnu lamah phei chuan MU aṭangin a chhuak hial a nih kha. 

Party vanga in mu leh ar-na hi vawi tam tak a thleng tawhin thihna hial pawh a thleng zauh zauh tawh a nih kha. Unau, thisena inzawmte ngei ngei pawh party avangin kan in unau hleithei lo a, hmelma hlun leh ṭhian hlun a awm theih tak tak ngai loh tih ang chiahin vawiin thleng hian kan Zorama political party te hian chanchin an lo hnutchhiah tawh hlawm. He kan ze ṭha lo tak ata hi chhanchhuaktu kan mamawh a, hruaitu ṭha leh zui tlak hi kan mamawh ngawih ngawih a ni. 

Disruption of Traditional Economic System:

Kumpinu sorkar khan an ram awpte kha ei leh bar lama hmasawnna leh changkan tir kha an thupui ber a ni lem lo a. India an awp lai khan India hausakna chi hrang hrangte chu an ram lamah an thiar nghauh nghauh a, kawng hrang hrangin India hausakna chu an tichhia a. Kum tam tak India rama puantah lama sumdawnna chu tihluihna avangin anmahni thil siamchhuahte chuan an luahlan a, lungalhthei, thir leh thil hlu dangte ngei pawh anmahni hausakna turin min rawk sak bawk a. Heng bakah hian kuthnathawktute chu hlawh tlem zawk pein tihluihnain an chhawr a, anmahni pum puarna tur melh reng chungin thuneihna khauh tak nen min awp a ni. 

Min chhuahsan hnuah ngei pawh chuan he an ze ṭha lo tak hi kan hnenah chuan la cham bangin Independent kan lo nih hnuah ngei pawh kan mithiam leh politics-a hruaitu hmasa te kha an kutchhuak an nih avangin English-ho tihdan entawnin an chet danah, ram leh mipuite hmangaihna nena thawhchhuah belh zel a, hlawkna insem tlan ai chuan a awm ang ang hmanga mahni intihhausak phawt lam an hawi tlangpui ṭhin a nih kha. Chhiah tlingkhawm ang angte pawh chu anmahni nawmsakna atan an hmang nghal zel a, mipui thlan chhuah ngeite chuan mimal thuneihna an hmang emaw tih mai tur a ni ṭhin. 

Heng thil pathum bakah hian thil dangte pawh ala awm tho nain heti chin aṭang pawh hian Kumpinu min awp aṭanga an ze ṭha lo tak tak kan la chhawm zelte chu kan hrefiah theiin a rinawm. Tun hma lam, kum 1890 hmalam zawnga ze ṭha leh khawtlang inrelbawlna pangngai tak kan neih ṭhin chu min thlak danglam sak a, anmahni zia min zirtirin vawiin thlengin an zia chu changkang bik riaua hriatna nei kan la awm bawk a. Kan hming phuahah ngei pawh Sap hming chu changkang zawkin kan hria a, kan inneih danah ngei pawh a hautak thei ang bera inneiin an inchei dan thleng chuan mawi zawkin kan la hre ta zel a nih hi.